Many aspects of the agricultural industry such a field crop planting and harvesting and chemical application in fruit crops have been employing mechanization and automation solutions for decades. To avoid comparing and treating hectares of maize same as cassava, we employed a qualitative approach to obtain qualitative parameters of land size categorization for the two crops. Anang BT, Bckman B, Rezitis A. The distribution of agricultural green total factor productivity(AGTFP) in each province. Pull into the scale and gather data based on the vehicle, weight, field, date and create reports. Article volume10, Articlenumber:31 (2021) Government subsidies to agriculture significantly reduce farmers use of chemical fertilizers and promote green development. Pesaran M.H., Shin Y., Smith R.J. Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. An alternative to farmer age as an indicator of life-cycle stage: the case for a farm family age index. The application of scientific, mathematical, and logical ideas to the solution of military problems gave rise to operations research approaches. As economies of scale are achieved, the enterprise benefits from many of the other advantages of size: An increasingly specialized workforce, which in the case of permaculture is critical considering the broad range of expertise required Improved negotiating power with buyers and sellers Antecedents and Consequences of Sustainable Development in Agriculture and the Moderator Role of the Barriers: Proposal and Test of a Structural Model. Wye College, June 2629, 2005. Asteriou D, Hall SG. 2016;87:115. However, there are few studies of the relationship between the intensity of financial support for agriculture and AGTFP. Rada NE, Fuglie KO. Ruml A, Qaim M. Effects of marketing contracts and resource-providing contracts in the African small farm sector: insights from oil palm production in Ghana. 2016;9(2):111. This transitioning process appears peripheral with little recognition given to the dynamic features in the process of growth. Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Industrial Growth in Bangladesh: Empirical Evidence from ARDL Cointegration and Granger Causality Analysis. Maize farmers who are members of farmer-based organizations (FBOs) are likely to decrease their farm size by two percent (Table 3). * indicates lag order selected by the criteria. This finding implies that the intensity of financial support for agriculture may affect AGTFP and the scale of agricultural operation. Strengthening the intensity of financial support for agriculture is not conducive to improving AGTFP. Ti is the amount of input variables. Cite this article. Santeramo [54] found that both direct and indirect experience influences farm size. The study was undertaken in the Eastern Region of Ghana. ; project administration, L.W., M.S. It not only aids in the recognition of various natural situations and strategies but also in the listing of other courses of action available to the decision-maker and the outcomes associated with them, thereby suggesting which strategy to choose and act under a given set of circumstances for the best management. At a significant level of 5%, Kaos (1999) test statistics reject the null hypothesis that there is no cointegration relationship and support the alternative hypothesis that there is a cointegration relationship in the panel. It is also necessary to have knowledge of the relationship between economics and the professional approach of operations research. Ackoff, R. L. (1961). Their study underscored the need to focus on medium-scale farms. The following important components must be considered when creating a problem for an Operation Research study: The environment is the most extensive of the four components since it serves as a backdrop for the other three. Kaestart J Soc Sci, 17. Secretary, Rotaract Club of Khulna University, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh, https://www.linkedin.com/groups/13943442/, https://www.facebook.com/groups/agribusinesseducationandresearchinternational, You may read: Agribusiness how it works? Box LG 68, Legon, Ghana, Nana Afranaa Kwapong,Daniel Adu Ankrah&Jonathan Nicholas Anaglo, Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences (CBAS), University of Ghana, P. O. Full scale operation means the average daily execution of 0.33% of the total quantum for the first year, as specified in the tender document. The results show that the national average moderate operation area of grain is 7.3 ha; the average moderate operation area of vegetable, cotton and apple is 0.61, 21.42 and 0.37 ha, respectively; the average moderate scale of hog and sheep is 388 and 234.8, respectively. Granger C.W.J. Second, few papers focus on factors affecting the scale of operation of major staples in Ghana. In addition, the PVAR model proposed by Holtz-Eakinetal [10] has many advantages over the VAR model and panel data. Alhassan H. The Effect of Agricultural Total Factor Productivity on Environmental Degradation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To ensure the availability of data and the consistency of this papers statistical calibre, the original data of agricultural operating areas have been sourced from the China Rural Statistical Yearbook, including panel data of 30 provincial administrative regions from 2000 to 2019. The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. With the continuous increase of Chinas agricultural input, carbon emissions are increasing year by year, leading to a significant decline in environmental quality, which has become the main obstacle to the development of an agricultural green transformation [14]. Furthermore, during these 15 forecast periods, the degree of explanation of the innovative shocks of AGTFP on the variation itself decreased, which means that the contribution of other driving forces increased. Yates (1949) produced a paper in the field of agriculture in the United Kingdom about the use of operational research. Abstract. Accra: Ghana Statistical Service; 2017. Journal of Farm Economics We used a semi-structured questionnaire to gather information on farmer characteristics, economic activities, goals and aspirations, land acquisition, land ownership/control, land use, production practices, access to finance, farm planning, budgeting and records keeping. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 1(5), 767-768. IzazUllah Khan. We urge individuals to implement these behaviors as soon as possible in order to ensure a bright future for ourselves and future generations. Giampietri E, Yu X, Trestini S. The role of trust and perceived barriers on farmers intention to adopt risk management tools. You can help adding them by using this form . Barrett CB, Bellemare MF, Hou JY. This work research was funded by the project of the National Social Science Foundation of China (20CMZ037); the project of the Social Science Foundation of Xihua University (ZW17140). The computation of economic equilibria (in collaboration with T. Hansen; Yale University Press, New Haven, CT). Farmers with large family sizes tend to depend on the family members for additional unpaid labour for farming activities [23, 38]. The distance between the O.R. The dataset presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. [60,61]. Finally, the scale of the agricultural operation and the intensity of financial support for agriculture show no significant impact on AGTFP in the short term. They are subject to variations. This implies that some small-scale farms are more profit-efficient than others. Inventory systems have been implemented by operations researchers and computer professionals, whereas economic academics have focused on the effect of inventories in the trade sequence rather than inventory difficulties. Exploring Energy Efficiency in Chinas Iron and Steel Industry: A Stochastic Frontier Approach. Cassava farmers considered small-scale farmers to have farm sizes of less than two hectares, whereas maize farmers considered this group of farmers to have farm sizes less than five hectares. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Oxford University Press (email available below). In addition to their implementation at the micro-level, i.e., cost minimization and profit maximization on a single farm, linear programming techniques have been used to solve problems in agricultural marketing and geographical analysis at the macro level. Jayne TS, Mather D, Mghenyi E. Principal challenges confronting smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa. Small-scale irrigation systems key to Philippine food security. Data collected for the study can be made available upon request. In order to computationally follow-up the model calculation and reduce endogenous problems, these three key variables were processed logarithmically. Martey E, Al-hassan R, Kuwornu J. Commercialization of smallholder agriculture in Ghana: a tobit regression analysis. PMLR. Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction and Chinas Green Economic Growth. Ankrah DA, Freeman CY, Afful A. Gendered access to productive resources-evidence from smallholder farmers in Awutu Senya West District of Ghana. descriptions of the scale of operations being conducted for each location engaged in specified nuclear activities; and UN-2 The inspectors have to verify the type and scale of operation and the absence of undeclared uranium enrichment. The two factors act on low-carbon agricultural development differently. 2020;9(1):124. 2016;47:197214. s1 and s2 represent the number of elements in sb and sg. In addition, the panel Granger causality test results indicate that financial support for agriculture has a unidirectional causal relationship with the scale of agricultural operations and AGTFP. ", Berezinskaya, Olga (, ), 2016. An annotated timeline of operations research: An informal history (Vol. [56] and Akudugu [10] found a significant relationship between farmers access to informal credit, farm size, and agricultural productivity. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute; 2013. The state of family farms in the world. He holds a Ph.D. in Production and Operations Management and has over 25 year experience in production and operations management, information modelling in terms of decision processes, type of information, system analysis, and simulation and modelling of technology use in agriculture. Int Sch Res Not. Yates, F. (1950). Scarf, H. (1973). The (,, , )are the unit returns for the coming from each production process ( , , ., ). The origins of these techniques can be traced back to F. W. Lancasters work on the application of mathematical analysis to army tactics during the First World War. Because operations research proved to be a useful tool to the allies in bringing them victory, US army facilities continued to fund and support programs to expand operations research long after the battle was done. Food Policy. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4241. To do so, both management and the O.R. In each of the study regions, a full list of A2 farms was compiled. The problem is to find out as to how much area he should have under corn and how much under wheat. Glob Food Sec. If data collecting errors are to be minimized, the required data gathering takes time to prepare. 1College of Economics, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China; nc.ude.uhx.liam@1000500270, 2College of Economics, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; nc.ude.uacis.uts@892709102 (J.T. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(23). a) Characteristics of linear programming problems and linear programmings general results (theorems). 2014;67(2):3553. (1952). Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Goodwin B.K., Smith V.H. Under such circumstances, it is very important to clarify the causal relationship between fiscal support for agriculture, the scale of agricultural operations, and AGTFP. Age has been associated with the size of farm operations [13]. Furthermore, there is no single economically optimal scale regarding agricultural operations, so policymakers need to rationally adjust the scale of agricultural operations according to the development of the economy and market [36]. Since its reform and opening-up in 1978, Chinas economy has achieved rapid growth objectives and has become the second-largest economy and the largest developing country since 2010. ESA Working Paper No. Kwapong, N.A., Ankrah, D.A., Anaglo, J.N. Meng X. Scalable simple random sampling and stratified sampling. The value is the ratio of each provinces total agricultural sown area to the number of people engaged in the primary industry. The spatial linear programming technique has been used to study interregional production and make modifications for important crops. 75). PubMedGoogle Scholar. Generating an ePub file may take a long time, please be patient. In addition, the governments public financial investment in agricultural infrastructure, education, research, and so on can promote social capital investment in agriculture. However, this relationship is mediated by the level of civic engagement and the strength of the economically independent middle class. inertia seems to hang over the industry, preventing widespread adoption of digital solutions that tip the scales toward optimal planning, execution and monitoring. Since agricultural production will produce a variety of pollutants such as carbon emissions, we use an unexpected output as part of the output variable to test agricultural production efficiency, which is called agricultural total factor productivity, denoted herein as AGTFP. Cohen L, Manion L, Morison K. Research methods in education. Advancement of science,5(17), 26-38. As shown in Table 6, the intensity of financial support for agriculture has a unidirectional causal relationship to AGTFP and the scale of agricultural operations is significant at a level of 1%. ; data curation, M.S. Today, the vast majority of Earth's surface has been significantly influenced by human activities. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00604. Therefore, researchers regard data processed through DEA as the main measure of green total factor productivity [1]. Breitung (1999) [55] found that IPS suffers a dramatic loss of power when including individual trends and that the test is sensitive to the specification of deterministic trends [56], so the Breitung t-stat method is used in addition to the above four methods when considering intercept and trend terms. Garner E, Ana Paula de la O Campos. The relationship between agriculture and the environment is inseparable and the two facets circularly affect each other [30]. Scope economies: Given scope economies it is cheaper to produce several outputs on one operation than it is to In addition, the strengthening of investment in agricultural research and sustainable development, the development of cleaner agricultural production, and the expansion of the degree of the opening-up of agriculture to the outside world all play a positive role in improving agricultural total factor productivity and promoting balanced rural development. The key to a successful future is sustainable development, and Operations Research can help us get there. Scarf (1973) developed an economic equilibrium model based on algorithmic calculations, which is completed by studying the sensitivity of the parameters Scarf and examining various circumstances, scrutinizing alternative tactics, and examining the sensitivity of the parameters Scarf. Factors that influence the scale of operations of a business include: Objectives of the owners. The scale of agricultural operations plays an essential role in adopting new technology. Tanko M, Iddrisu A, Alidu AF. Livestock scales come in a variety of platform sizes and capacities ranging from 10 tons to 30 tons. Two main types of the scale farming operations in China are identified. Pesaran M.H. In addition, we cannot reject the null hypothesis between the agricultural green total factor and the scale of agricultural operations. Implications of recent research on optimal storage rules. On average, every 1% increase in farm size reduces the pesticide used per hectare by 0.2%. Platform Scales. For instance, Masters et al. Account for Every Grain. Grants are available at the following levels: $2,500 or less for an economic impact of $5,000 or less; $2,501 to $5,000 for economic impact of $5,000 to $75,000; and $5,001 to $10,000 for economic impact of $75,001 or more. There is limited extension access among cassava small-scale farmers (0.278) and medium-scale farmers (0.166). 4. Linear Fractional Functional Programming is applicable when the objective function is a ratio. Liu D., Zhu X., Wang Y. Chinas Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity Based on Carbon Emission: An Analysis of Evolution Trend and Influencing Factors. Afr J Agric Res. This means that the larger-scale operations will have more units of output over which to spread the costs, thus lowering the average costs of production. This is because rural farmers are high-risk debtors due to their penury status and the perception that they are repayment defaulters [9, 45]. Scale economies: Given scale economies the average cost of production decreases as farm size increases. Determinants of scale of farm operation in the eastern region of Ghana. The source of all the above agricultural input data is China Rural Statistical Yearbook. eit, derived from Equations (8) and (9) has a unit root. Emphasis was laid on factors that influence scale of operation of cassava and maize farmers. Hu L.X., Zhang X.H., Zhou Y.H. All the maize farmers included in this study were married, hence there was no variation in their choices. The findings showed that factors that were significant and positively related to farm size were age, secondary education, land acquisition for maize farmers, and tertiary education for cassava farmers. Game theory resolves this conflicting situation of business and military operations. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:oup:ajagec:v:24:y:1942:i:2:p:420-433.. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc. Mechanization entails meeting the growing requirements for power and timeliness of operation as agricultural systems attain more intensive . W. Thornthwaite (1954) on Seabrook farm was one of the first, intriguing, and challenging implementations of operations research in agriculture. Find out what you should be paid. Sustainable Development in Agriculture and its Antecedents, Barriers and ConsequencesAn Exploratory Study. The vast majority of the world's farms are small or very small. Breusch T.S., Pagan A.R. It may, however, be beneficial in providing/predicting the effect of changes in control variables on overall system efficacy if appropriately defined and adjusted. As can be seen from Figure 3, the variations in variables include not only innovative shocks of the variable itself but also the innovative shocks of other variables. [2] that showed that low knowledge about insurance products contributed to low agricultural access and acceptability in the case of Ghana. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. This is because farmers who cultivated maize on a medium-scale were more likely to contact extension agents for improved seeds, fertilizers, and advisory services. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. L and U are the lower and upper bounds of the intensity vector, respectively, and the default of L and U is 1 in Dea-solver-pro. According to previous studies, this paper uses four methods to test the panel unit root, involving the LevinLinChu test (LLC), the ImPesaranShin (IPS), Fishers augmented DickeyFuller (ADF) test, and Fishers Phillip and Perron (PP) test. Agriculture, sampling and operational research. This was due to credit market imperfection in Ghana. Most of the farmers interviewed for this study relied on their own capital for their farming activities. Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/285582570/Applications-of-Operations-Research-Techniques-in-Agriculture. [33] showed a decline in small-scale farms in Africa and an inclination towards medium-scale farms, about 32% in Ghana. Secondly, this research uses the unit root, cointegration, Granger causality, and other methods to test the core variables of this paper. [4] observed that farm size has a significantly positive effect on scale efficiency with most of the farms operating at increasing returns to scale. Activities research is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative foundation for making choices about the operations under their supervision. Maize and cassava constitute major staples in Ghana, ironically, few studies [41] on Ghana remain explicit in examining the drivers that underline the scale of operation of maize and cassava in Ghana. Such a plan may be based on the input-output coefficient derived from a game against nature by application of the Wald criterion. The estimation of impulse response appears in the stable adjoint matrix of the vector autoregressive (VAR) model [66], which can be written in the following form: where the i in (18) is an impulse response function, which can be estimated by moving the regression estimate using the infinite vector converted to (19). According to the 2017 Agricultural Census by Stats SA (2020), the large-scale agricultural sector consisted of 40,122 farms, while small-scale farming consisted of more than 300,000 units. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanteakwa_District#/media/File:Eastern_Ghana_districts.png. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Kao (1999) extends the EngleGranger two-step residual-based cointegration tests, especially in the first stage of estimation, requiring a cross-section-specific intercept and homogeneous coefficients on regression variables [57]. The owners may wish to keep the business small and operate as a sole trader or a partnership, simple and easy to manage.Or, they may have ambitions to become one of the largest companies in the country, or even in the entire world. 2011;9(1):32935. When an operation researcher defines his objective and model, he should not assume that he has accomplished his aim of solving the problem. Whether Chinas financial support for agriculture can promote AGTFP is of vital importance to the healthy development of agriculture, the reduction of environmental pollution, and the livelihoods of developing countries [12,17]. Muyanga M, Sitko N, Jayne TS, Hichaambwa M. Medium-scale farmer growth trajectories in Africa: Implications for broad-based growth and poverty reduction. Blackett, P. M. S. (1948). Nexus in Africa: a Meta-Frontier approach in small-scale farms on all the above input Farm size/scale of operation in adopting new technology that access to productive resources [ 3 ] certain. 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