On the basis of the reports of a League commission and those of its experts, the Council awarded the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district to Poland. Therefore, Germany claimed that the whole area should remain German. This page was last edited on 27 September 2022, at 21:32. 6. Remarkably, a second round was held in Upper Silesia between December 1921 and January 1922. However, certain districts voted in favor of Poland, others in favor of Germany. Aaland Islands, 1921 2. "German political violence and the border plebiscite in Upper Silesia, 19191921. The area was policed by French, British, and Italian troops, and overseen by an Inter-Allied Commission. [17] The Interallied Commission deliberated, but the British proposed a more easterly border than the French, which would have given much less of the Industrial Triangle to Poland. According to Article 88 of the Treaty of Versailles all inhabitants of the plebiscite district older than 20 years of age and those who had "been expelled by the German authorities and have not retained their domicile there" were entitled to return to vote. Korfanty called for a popular armed uprising whose aim was to maximize the territory Poland would receive in the partition. As a result, Poland was able to control Vilna until 1939, when World War 2 broke out. Just as World War I was winding down, Upper Silesia, a Polish-German borderland, was set ablaze by ethnic violence that threatened to tear apart the population. Until the Treaty of Versailles took effect in January 1920, Upper Silesia remained under German administrative control. Upper Silesia - Volume 16 Issue 1. More Info. Germany complained most but could not do much since they did not get the support of Britain. [17] In total over seven hundred towns and villages voted in majority to secede from Germany and become part of Poland, especially in the rural districts of Pszczyna,[33] Rybnik,[36] Tarnowskie Gry,[37] Toszek-Gliwice,[22] Strzelce Opolskie,[23] Bytom,[20] Katowice,[25] Lubliniec,[29] Zabrze,[24] Racibrz,[34] Olesno,[35] Kole[21] and Opole. .The Germans responded with volunteer paramilitary units from all over Germany, which fought the Polish units. It was a 4,000 square miles of territory which had formerly been ruled by the German Empire throughout modern history. Memel 1923 Memel is a valuable port city with a predominantly German population. Germans won the vote by a measure of 59.4% to 40.6%. This meant that the results could be interpreted in different ways. Successes of the League of Nations # internationalorgnotes # ballb. This issue stymied negotiations for . The main objective of the League of Nations was to ensure that war didnt break out again. The reverse of this medal states in German and Polish the German origin of the Upper Silesian Christianisation. The above-mentioned population percentages refer to the entire area of the respective districts, however in a few cases, only parts of a district were included in the plebiscite area: 1 Only a small part of the Namslau district was part of the plebiscite area; 1905 census data was used for this district, 2 The predominantly German south-western part of the Neustadt district (including the town of Neustadt) was not part of the plebiscite area, 3 The southern part of the Ratibor district (Hlun Region) was ceded to Czechoslovakia in 1919 and hence was not included in the plebiscite area, In the 1921 plebiscite, 40.6% of eligible voters decided to secede from Germany and become Polish citizens. Date(s) 1921.05.13-1930.09.03 (Creation) Level of description The obverse shows the Bavarian born Saint Hedwig of Silesia. This resulted because Britain and France did not support the League of Nations on this issue. For example, Upper Silesian coalfields accounted for 21% of German coal production. The Vilna incident in 1920 was ultimately a failure for the League of Nations. <, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ihw1y7ylkLU. Palais des Nations Upper Silesia 1921 Valuable industrial area on border of Germany & Poland. 1. "Silesia at the Crossroads: Defining Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia During the First World War and Plebiscite Period" (PhD Diss. Upper Silesia 1921 Dispute between Poland and Germany. It operated until 1945. . League of Nations - Situation in Upper Silesia. Upper Silesia (1921) The Treaty of Versailles had given the people of Upper Silesia the right to have a referendum on whether they wanted to be part of Germany or part of Poland. Korfanty was the leading figure of the uprising, but he had much support in Upper Silesia as well as support from the Polish government in Warsaw. 1921, p. 63; League of Nations, Monthly Summary of the League of Nations, 1921, Geneva, 1921, II, 78, 98. the german-polish convention on upper silesia ( french: convention germano-polonaise relative la haute silsie; german: deutsch-polnisches abkommen ber oberschlesien ), also known as the geneva convention of 15 may 1922, dealt with the constitutional and legal future of upper silesia, part of which became polish territory after the 1921 upper Intro; Programme; Participating and guest institutions; Organizers; Photo gallery Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. The original draft of the Treaty of Versailles stated that the whole area should be part of the new Polish state. The major figure of the campaign was Wojciech Korfanty, a pro-Polish politician. cartoons Punch Magazine B&W B/W black & white black and white 20th century twentieth century historical history political politics 1920s Twenties 1921 Big Cuts League of Nations Germany Germans Weimar Republic Poland Polish food meals cooking goose Upper Silesia Silesian Uprisings international relations arguments arguing territory children . [1] There were 1,186,758 votes cast in an area inhabited by 2,073,663 persons. sigmund freud phobia theory pyspark connect to oracle database; toccata and fugue translation; entry-level accounting assistant job description. At the end of the First World War, Upper Silesia was one of the richest mineral and industrial areas of Europe. The frontier. civil structural engineer job description. The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out on 20 March 1921 to determine ownership of the province of Upper Silesia between Weimar Germany and Poland. waiting room in coimbatore railway station. The League of Nations had some successes in maintaining universal peace, however, there numerous failures as well. Agreements between the Germans and Poles in Upper Silesia and appeals issued by both sides, as well as the dispatch of six battalions of Allied troops and the disbandment of the local guards, contributed markedly to the pacification of the district. The Aaland Islands are located between Finland and Sweden, in the Baltic Sea. Fighting on a large scale took place during May and June 1921. However, in making that claim, it was disregarding the treaty provisions for partitioning the area according to the wishes of the. After the referendum, on 20 October 1921, a conference of ambassadors in Paris decided to divide the region. At the end of the First World War both Germany and Poland laid claim to the area. The German defense force was finally withdrawn. The League of Nation's first crisis was in the North of Italy. Upper Silesia, 1921 Albania, 1920 Greek-Bulgarian border, 1925 Corfu, 1923 Origins Collapse of the balance of power Paris Peace Conference Woodrow Wilson, the United States of America's president, came up with the objective of maintaining peace and stability throughout the World. Overall the Germans won the vote by a measure of 60% to 40%. Date. It also demonstrates . The Allies restored order in each case, but the Polish insurrectionists clashed with German "volunteers," the Freikorps. The commission, consisting of four representativesone each from . What was the result of the dispute over Upper Silesia? The League of Nations was created after World War I. The time leading up to the 20 Mar, 1921 plebiscite was marked by heavy campaigning, rioting and violence. Neither Germany nor Poland were fully satisfied with this. League settled the issue peacefully, in Finlands favour. The League was meant to maintain universal peace and resolve international disputes between nations to avoid a repeat of the First World War. Omissions? In this referendum, 700,000 voted for Germany and 500,000 for Poland. The League was asked to intervene. It caused resentment in Germany, but the treaty was still ratified by both countries. On 1 July 1921 British troops returned to Upper Silesia to help French forces occupy this area. Some of the successes include the land Islands crisis and the Upper Silesia incident. This stipulation of the Treaty of Versailles allowed the participation of thousands of Upper Silesian migrant workers from western Germany (Ruhrpolen). The area was occupied by British, French, and Italian forces, and an Interallied Committee headed by a French general, Henri Le Rond. There were three Polish uprisings, and German volunteer paramilitary units came to the region as well. Upper Silesia (1921) The Treaty of Versailles had given the people of . Who was involved in the dispute over the Aaland Islands? The years after the Great War were forged for the first time by supranational bodies such as the League of Nations, . 1 League of Nations: Successes and Failures: Key words: Upper Silesia, Revival of the economy, Humanitarian work, Invasion of the Ruhr, The Corfu Incident, Manchuria 1931-1933, Abyssinia 1935, The Spanish Civil War, The Anschluss of Austria, The Munich Pact To administer the former territories of the defeated countries, a system of mandates was set up, to be operated by League members . Humanitarian crisis in Turkey, 1923 5. League gibes is to Finland, but they cant have weapons on it They accepted the League's arbitration to give the Aaland Islands to Finland. (The Aaland Islands) These islands are near enough equal distant between Finland and Sweden. ", http://piotrwroblewski.us.edu.pl/rudy/F_G, Clift, Alex. 12 Miller wrote a thirty-page tract in which he concluded that "It is my considered opinion It contained a mix of German and Polish population. In this referendum, 700,000 voted for Germany and 500,000 for Poland. [13], A feature of the plebiscite campaign was the growing prominence of a strong autonomist movement, the most visible branch of which was the Bund der Oberschlesier/Zwizek Grnolzakw. Overall, however, the This organization attempted to gain promises of autonomy from both states and possible future independence for Upper Silesia.[14]. The League of Nations got involved in a dispute between Finland and Sweden in 1921 over who controlled the Aaland Islands. 1921.01.01 : Add : R548/11/11291/529 "The Dilemma of Upper Silesia" - Communicated by the Polish Delegation to the League of Nations - Brochure by Mr. Jan Kucharzewski. People had diverse, often very pragmatic reasons for voting for Germany, which usually had little to do with a person regarding him or herself as having a German ethnonational identity. Write something about yourself. On the German side the new Prussian province of Upper Silesia (Oberschlesien) with regional government in Oppeln was formed, likewise with special autonomy. Each side developed secret paramilitary forcesboth financed from the opposing capitals, Warsaw and Berlin. The last Prussian general census figures available are from 1910 (if not including the 1911 census of school children - Sprachzhlung unter den Schulkindern - which revealed a higher percent of Polish-speakers among school children than the 1910 census among the general populace). The areas would be occupied by Allied forces and governed in some degree by Allied commissions. "League of Nations in the 1920s Song - GCSE History. Abstract. [3][4][5] The period of the plebiscite campaign and inter-Allied occupation was marked by violence. Upper Silesia Plebiscite 1921 cast iron campaign medal of the pro- German side. The Poles carried out two uprisings during the campaign, in August 1919 and August 1920. The League was initially very popular and was often called upon to sort out disagreements between countries. Both Germany and Poland valued this region not only for reasons of national feeling, but for its economic importance as well. What was significant about the dispute over Upper Silesia. This thesis provides the first complete dedicated narrative on Britain's political and military involvement in Upper Silesia between 1919 and 1922.It establishes the background to the Paris Peace Conference's decision to conduct a plebiscite in this important industrial region on the new Polish-German frontier. Updates? TriPac (Diesel) TriPac (Battery) Power Management (O'Neill City, Holt County, Neb.) Germany and Poland then negotiated for six months about provisions for economic cooperation within the area and protection of minority rights. The Treaty had given Fiume to Yugoslavia. The decision embodies the recommendation of the Council of the League of. The plebiscite was set for 20 March 1921. Polish immigration from Galicia, Congress Poland and Prussian provinces into Upper Silesia during the 19th century was a major factor in their increasing numbers. The file contains League of Nations Council documents from various sessions in connection with situation of minorities in Upper Silesia. Special measures were threatened in case either of the two states should refuse to participate in the drawing up of such regulations, or to accept them subsequently. The question of the Upper Silesia problem was turned over to a council of the League of Nations. The Poles in particular protested against all the non resident votes for Germany. In the end, after renewed Allied military intervention, the final position of the opposing forces became, roughly, the new border. Success: 10 . Both Germany and Poland claimed the territory as their own. The Library of Congress > Chronicling America > Indiana daily times. In 1921, there was a disagreement over the future of Upper Silesia. Success: 9. 98 percent of registered voters participated. On Oct. 1921, the text was published of the documents containing the award of the League of Nations on the partition Upper Silesia Frontier, 1921 of Upper Silesia. However, in making that claim, it was disregarding the treaty provisions for partitioning the area according to the wishes of the inhabitants of each commune there. 3 Both Poles and Germans were allowed to organize campaigns. In view of the League's desire to end war, the only criteria that can be used to classify a success, was whether war was avoided and a peaceful settlement formulated after a crisis between two nations. Search options. [39][40], The following table compares the percentage of German speakers (excluding bilinguals) as reported in the 1910 census in each district, with the pro-German vote share registered in the respective district. ]), by American-Polish chamber of commerce and industry (page images at HathiTrust) [1] The region was ethnically mixed with both Germans and Poles; according to prewar statistics, ethnic Poles formed 60 percent of the population. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagu, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_ev. Why was there a dispute between Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia? The Germans responded with volunteer paramilitary units from all over Germany, which fought the Polish units. . ", T. Hunt Tooley, "National Identity and Weimar Germany: Upper Silesia and the eastern border", University of Nebraska Press, 1997, p. 140, Racisms Made in Germany edited by Wulf D. Hund, Wulf Dietmar Hund, Christian Koller, Moshe Zimmermann LIT Verlag Mnster 2011 page 20, 21, The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan Lee Yeounsuk page 161 University of Hawaii Press 2009, The Immigrant Threat: The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe since 1850 (Studies of World Migrations) Leo Lucassen page 61 University of Illinois Press page 2005, T. Hunt Tooley, "German political violence and the border plebiscite in Upper Silesia, 19191921. The Upper Silesia plebiscitewas a plebiscitemandated by the Versailles Treatyand carried out on 20 March 1921 to determine ownership of the province of Upper Silesia between Weimar Germanyand Poland. Therefore, Germany claimed that the whole area should remain German. Where are the Aaland Islands? According to prewar statistics, ethnic Poles formed 60 percent of the population. Finally, in October 1921, both Germany and Poland accepted the decision by the League of Nations. city of orange activities It was a 4,000 square miles of territory which had formerly been ruled by the German Empire throughout modern history. or up to 1,560,000 together with bilinguals[8]. The most important economic asset was the enormous coal-mining industry and its ancillary businesses, but the area yielded iron, zinc, and lead as well. Based on the recommendation of the commission and its experts, the Executive Council awarded Poland roughly half of the people and approximately one-third of the total territory. Identity area Reference code S354/19/1 Title League of Nations - Situation in Upper Silesia. Its primary goals included preventing wars through collective security and disarmament, settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. [18], The German and Polish governments, under a League of Nations recommendation, agreed to enforce protections of minority interests that would last for 15 years. Toggle navigation. > October 10, 1921, Final Edition > Page 9, Image 9 Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1777-1963 or use the U.S. The Upper Silesia plebiscite was therefore a plebiscite for self-determination of Upper Silesia required by the Treaty of Versailles. The League of Nations determined that three Silesian cities: Gleiwitz (Gliwice), Hindenburg (Zabrze) and Beuthen (Bytom) would remain in Germany, and the eastern part of Upper Silesia with its main city of Katowice (Kattowitz) would join restored Poland. Greece obeyed the League's orders to pull out of Bulgaria in 1925. The Treaty of Versailles had given the people of Upper Silesia the right to have a referendum on whether they wanted to be part of Weimar Germany or part of Poland. The Allies planned a partition of the region, but a Polish insurgency took control of over half the area. The towns and most of the villages in the plebiscite territory gave German majorities. Twelve days after the start of the uprising, Wojciech Korfanty offered to take his Upper Silesian forces behind a line of demarcation, on condition that the released territory would not be occupied by German forces, but by Allied troops. The League was approved and ratified by the Treaty of Versailles at the Versailles Conference on 28 April 1919. There were 1,186,758 votes cast in an area inhabited by 2,073,663 people. Upper Silesia was a highly industrialized, mineral rich area in the far southeast of the German Empire and highly coveted by both Germany and Poland. In the same year, 1921, the League was equally successful in Upper Silesia. The fate of Upper Silesia was hotly debated during the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. Success Still to this day Upper Silesia 1921 Dispute between inhabitants-unsure wheter they want to be German or Polish. The majority voted for Germany, but the result was so close that rioting broke out. The earliest exact census figures on ethnolinguistic or national structure (Nationalverschiedenheit) of the Prussian part of Upper Silesia, come from 1819. It was an intergovernmental organization that was founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference. [15] It resulted in 717,122 votes being cast for Germany and 483,514 for Poland. UPPER SILESIA 1921 The Treaty of Versailles had given the people of Upper Silesia the right to have a referendum on whether they wanted to be part of Germany or part of Poland. The region was ethnically mixed with both Germansand Poles; according to prewar statistics, ethnic Poles formed 60 percent of the population. were heavily populated by the Swedes. Italian nationalists captured the small port of Fiume in 1919 in retaliation against the treatment of Italy in the Treaty of Versailles. REVOLUTIONS, RIOTS AND REVOLTS, In February 1917 a revolution broke out in Rus-1917 -1921 sia, and the Tsar . In late April 1921, rumours flew that Upper Silesia would stay in Germany. In three of these ethnically mixed areas on the new German-Polish border, however, the Allied leaders provided for border plebiscites or referendums. Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Digital object (External file) rights area, Administrative Commissions and Minorities Section, 1) Upper Silsia - general (21-30); 2) Upper Silesia, minority schools (4 sub-files) (28-31); Czechoslovakia: 3) (19-21); 4) (22-23). The proposed new frontier line between Germany and Poland was as shown by the appended Map. Greece & Bulgaria, 1925 Britain and France sent troops to ensure the vote was democratic. By a plebiscite, Silesians . Upper Silesia, 1921 [] Upper Silesia was an area both Germany and Poland wanted to control. The Polish Government, convinced by the economic and political power of the region and by the autonomist movement of the plebiscite campaign, decided to give Upper Silesia considerable autonomy with a Silesian Parliament as a constituency and the Silesian Voivodship Council as the executive body. The League stepped in to assist those countries. The decision was handed over to the League of Nations, which confirmed this border, and Poland received roughly one third of the plebiscite zone by area, including the greater part of the industrial region.[6]. Jahrhundert", Wojciech Korfanty's proclamation after plebiscite, Exact plebiscite results - according to villages and districts, 1920 map showing German territory's changes, including marked area for the Upper Silesia plebiscite, Map of interwar Poland; shows plebiscite areas, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Silesia_plebiscite&oldid=1118804594, Campbell, F. Gregory Campbell, "The Struggle for Upper Silesia, 1919-1922. They send League armed forces to occupy the area whilst the issue was resolved. Several uprisings of the Polish population erupted prior to the plebiscite. Upper Silesia Dispute 1922 Both Poland and Germany claim Upper Silesia, so the League decides to award Germany 2/3 of the land and Poland 1/3. Based on the outcome of the voting, the Allied Commission debated how much of the territory should be given to Germany and how much to Poland. YouTube, 30 Nov. 2013. 2 2 Note transmitted by M. Briand to Viscount Ishii, August 24, 1921, Minutes,Hid., p. 15. There were a number of key events in the Upper Silesia crisis: How did the League react to the dispute over Upper Silesia? This triggered, in late April 1921, a popular uprising on the Polish side. Upper Silesia The League also successfully handled a crisis in Upper Silesia in 1921. icf coordinator salary near hamburg. Both countries accepted the decision and it remains in force to this day. ", . The Treaty of Versailles gave the people of Upper Silesia that option of a referendum on whether they stay under the control of Weimar Germany or Poland. However, the districts of Pless (Pszczyna) and Rybnik in the southeast, as well as Tarnowitz (Tarnowskie Gry) in the east and Tost-Gleiwitz (Gliwice) in the interior showed considerable Polish majorities, while in Lublinitz (Lubliniec) and Gro Strehlitz (Strzelce Opolskie) the votes cast on either side were practically equal. A highlight of the resignation of Mr. Calonder, the President of the Mixed Commission in Upper Silesia, is visible in the file. Final talks took place in Geneva from February to May 1922. In June 1922 the allied troops withdraw from the area. Plebiscite in 1921 that decided the division of the territory was tight, the riots followed. League of Nations between 1919 and 1939 . However, in making that claim, it was disregarding the treaty provisions for partitioning the area according to the wishes of the Read More ", Rodriguez, Allison Ann. Germany won 60% of the votes, but Poland argued that many of those that voted for Germany did not live in Upper Silesia. This agreement was finally signed in May 1922. Poland obtained almost exactly half of the 1,950,000 inhabitants, viz., 965,000, but not quite a third of the territory, i.e., only 3,214.26km2 (1,255mi2) out of 10,950.89km2 (4,265mi2) but more than 80% of the heavy industry of the region. The Upper Silesia plebiscite was a plebiscite mandated by the Versailles Treaty and carried out on 20 March 1921 to determine ownership of the province of Upper Silesia between Weimar Germany and Poland. 1) Upper Silsia - general (21-30); 2) Upper Silesia, minority schools (4 sub-files) (28-31); Czechoslovakia: 3) (19-21); 4) (22-23) League of Nations - Situation in Upper Silesia. sakura festival japan. Although The League of Nations was a complete failure in doing what it wanted to do it did help stop smaller wars and disputes that can go out of contr For example the Aaland Island (1921), Upper Silesia (1921), and Greece and Bulgaria (1925). The Origins of the League of Nations was found in the Fourteen Points laid down by US President Woodrow Wilson which envisioned an organisation that would solve a dispute between members. The tensions were exacerbated by unstable border politics with both Germany and a newly reestablished Poland claiming its right to the land. In the plebiscite held in Upper Silesia on March 20, 1921, an overall majority voted to remain with Germany. Turbocharge your history revision with our revolutionary new app! treaty of versailles part viii section i 1919how to move notes in google keep The settlement produced peace in the area until the beginning of the Second World War. Consequently, the German-Polish Accord on East Silesia (Geneva Convention), a minority treaty, was concluded on 15 May 1922 which dealt with the constitutional and legal future of Upper Silesia that had partly become Polish territory. File : 1921.03.04 : Add : R548/11/12800/529 : Upper Silesia - Extract from the "Times" - Excerpt from the speech by Colonel Harvey, American Ambassador in London, who says to be . Therefore, Germany claimed that the whole area should remain German. [2] Under the previous rule by the German Empire, Poles claimed they had faced discrimination, making them effectively second class citizens. 1880-1965, October 20, 1921, Image 3, brought to you by University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries, Lincoln, NE, and the National Digital Newspaper Program. In almost all districts, the percentage of pro-German votes exceeded the percentage of those who identified as German by almost 25% on average, suggesting that many non-Germans voted in favour of Germany.[41].
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