The two spheres of Islam and trade are closely intertwined, as here explained in the UNESCO General History of Africa: The association of Islam and trade in sub-Saharan Africa is a well-known fact. [21] That theory does not explain the continuing existence of large minorities of Christians during the Abbasids. The conquest of significant territories in Eastern Europe by the Ottomans allowed Muslim missionaries to now operate in hitherto strictly Christian areas inside Europe. By Sword or By Conversion? Ottoman Empire dominated vast region of Christian land in Eastern Europe but it never forced its Christian citizens to convert to Islam; they were given the right to govern their own lives according to their own religious traditions. However, the empire evolved into a mixed blessing for Islamic missionary work, with its two most powerful rulers taking a somewhat diametrically opposite view of religion. because of the hajj through conquest via missionaries with merchants as a result of slavery 2 See answers Advertisement Advertisement tuckertrash25 tuckertrash25 Hard to say, but i'd assume through conquest or missionaries. Harun Abu Jafar (786-809), sent the keys of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to Charlemagne, who built a hospice for Latin pilgrims near the shrine.[26]. The local Bantu peoples and Arabs mixed, as did their languages, with intermarrying being common, and there was a blending of cultural practices which led to the evolution of a unique Swahili culture. Islam spread there only through Muslim traders and missionaries.
Did islam spread through hierarchical diffusion - 650.org Many native converts studied & became scholars, missionaries, & even saints, & so Islam came to be seen no longer as a foreign religion but a black African one. [7] Most of the time, such individuals were sent back to the place of their origin, being appointed to important positions in the local governing body. This means that the Arab-Muslims did not, contrary to reputation, attempt to convert people to Islam. The Prophet and his followers in Mecca had no means to physically convert the people of Medina. There were other challenges besides the Christians of Nubia. In the 6th year after the Prophet's migration, accompanied by Muslims, he decided to go for pilgrimage to Mecca. The expansion of Islam continued in the wake of Turkic conquests of Asia Minor, the Balkans and the Indian subcontinent. Overview. Muslims ruled India for about 800 years, but there never was a Muslim majority in that country. Early Sufi missionaries settled in the region as early as the 8th century. Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces conquering vast territories and building imperial structures over time. First Phase: Meccan era of the first 13 years.
Why Did Islam Spread So Quickly? - Islamkidunia [26] The dynasty was later overtaken by Saladin of the Ayyubid dynasty. Great Mosque, KilwaRichard Mortel (Public Domain). The first Indonesians to adopt Islam are thought to have done so as early as the eleventh century, although Muslims had visited Indonesia early in the Muslim era. As a socio-cultural process of diffusion and integration over an extended period of time into the sphere of the dominant, A related view is that conversions occurred for non-religious reasons of pragmatism and patronage such as social mobility among the Muslim ruling elite or for relief from taxes, Was a combination, initially made under duress followed by a genuine change of heart, That the bulk of Muslims are descendants of migrants from the, Kayadibi, Saim. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, from the 7th century onwards, Islam spread rapidly from the Arabian Peninsula to the rest of the world through either trade and exploration or Muslim conquests. Protecting the Amur Leopard: Earths Rarest Cat, How Climate Change Will Impact Your Local Rainfall Totals, How Hummingbird Trackers Map Hummingbird Migration Patterns, 5 Deserted Islands, Interesting Facts & Climate Change Effects, How to Remove Unwanted Programs From Your Computer. Cartwright, Mark. Considerable controversy exists as to how conversion to Islam came about in the Indian subcontinent. A major development in the history of Muslim Spain was the dynastic change in 750 in the Arab Caliphate, when an Umayyad Prince escaped the slaughter of his family in Damascus, fled to Cordoba in Spain, and created a new Islamic state in the area. [37] At other times, converts were won in conjunction with the propagation efforts of rulers. In contrast, in the Mali Empire, the kings did convert to Islam, the first certain case being Mansa Uli (aka Mansa Wali or Yerelenku), who went on a pilgrimage to Mecca in the 1260s or 1270s CE. The new wave of Muslim immigrants were thus well-placed to begin a variety of small-scale missionary efforts across their communities to inform their fellow Americans about their religion. These were, in no certain order, the ease of conversion, the political consolidation of the Islamic state and the remarkable military effectiveness of Islamic armies. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. What is now Syria may have had a Christian majority until the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. From the mid-8th century CE, Muslim traders from Arabia and Egypt began to permanently settle in towns and trading centres along the Swahili coast. In contrast, an association with Islam sometimes brought a certain prestige, a point seen most clearly in the re-recording of community histories and foundation myths to include the arrival of a founder from the East. The Spread of Islam in AfricaMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Ancestors continued to be worshipped, in some cities women enjoyed better rights than they did under strictly sharia law, and, in a very un-Islamic practice, cemeteries were filled with tombs where precious goods were buried with the dead. [65] A centuries later example that can be counted amongst the earliest introductions of Islam into Eastern Europe came about through the work of an early 11th-century Muslim prisoner whom the Byzantines captured during one of their wars against Muslims. "[15] Conversion initially was neither required nor necessarily wished for: "(The Arab conquerors) did not require the conversion as much as the subordination of non-Muslim peoples. Trans-Saharan Trade RoutesAa77zz (Public Domain). Although religious tolerance was seen during the rule of emperor Akbar's, the reign under emperor Aurangzeb witnessed the full establishment of Islamic sharia and the re-introduction of Jizya (a special tax imposed upon non-Muslims) through the compilation of the Fatawa-e-Alamgiri. Once he settled in Medina, the Prophet realized that there was a minority Jewish community in that city that had no inclination to accept Islam. The Muslim community spread through the Middle East through conquest, and the resulting growth of the Muslim state provided the ground in which the recently revealed faith could take root and flourish. Related Content Books Baibars developed strong ties with the Mongols of the Golden Horde and took steps for the Golden Horde Mongols to travel to Egypt. Meanwhile, the religion also spread down through Egypt and swung westwards through the Sudan region below the Sahara Desert. [69] The Mongols had been religiously and culturally conquered; this absorption ushered in a new age of Mongol-Islamic synthesis[69] that shaped the further spread of Islam in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Yet another appeal of Islam was that it brought literacy, a tremendously useful tool for empires who built their wealth on trade. [15], The empire spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the Aral Sea, from the Atlas Mountains to the Hindu Kush. During the following Abbasid period, an enfranchisement was experienced by the mawali and a shift was made in the political conception from that of a primarily-Arab empire to one of a Muslim empire. In addition, the religion arrived in East Africa when Arab traders crossed the Red Sea and, in a second wave, settled along the Swahili Coast. [62] There is no clear indication of when Islam first came to the region, the first Muslim gravestone markings year 1082. In addition, calendar reforms adopted in Europe at this time were disseminated amongst the indigenous Christians of Tunis, which would have not been possible had there been an absence of contact with Rome. The Ajuran and Adal Sultanates, and the wealthy Mali Empire, in North Africa, the Delhi, Deccan, and Bengal Sultanates, and Mughal and Durrani Empires, and Kingdom of Mysore and Nizam of Hyderabad in the Indian subcontinent, the Ghaznavids, Ghurids, Samanids in Persia, Timurids, and the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia significantly changed the course of history. [citation needed], Even before Islam was established amongst Indonesian communities, Muslim sailors and traders had often visited the shores of modern Indonesia, most of these early sailors and merchants arrived from the Abbasid Caliphate's newly established ports of Basra and Debal, many of the earliest Muslim accounts of the region note the presence of animals such as orang-utans, rhinos and valuable spice trade commodities such as cloves, nutmeg, galangal and coconut. [29], A more recent missionary front has been the US prison system, where encouragement of religious study has opened an avenue for Muslims to promote their religion. The Qur'an is very clear on this issue of entering into the Islamic fold: There is no compulsion in religion; verily the guidance has become clear from the error. The life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) may be divided into two parts: (a) first thirteen years of the Prophet's mission in Mecca, According to the British-Lebanese historian Albert Hourani, one of the reasons may be that, "Islam had become more clearly defined, and the line between Muslims and non-Muslims more sharply drawn. Muslim conquerors ordinarily wished to dominate rather than convert, and most conversions to Islam were voluntary. In general, they were not forced to convert, but they suffered from restrictions. Crete was conquered during the 17th century, but the Ottomans lost Hungary to the Holy Roman Empire, and other parts of Eastern Europe, which ended with the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699. Muslim merchants from the Arabian Peninsula had to pass through these islands of the south via the maritime Silk Roads to reach China's ports. That is, not by words but by actionsyour behaviour at home, at work-place and in the community should be a means of defending and portraying the true image of Islam. [63], When Marco Polo visited the area in 1292 he noted that the urban port state of Perlak was Muslim,[63] Chinese sources record the presence of a Muslim delegation to the emperor from the Kingdom of Samudra (Pasai) in 1282,[62] other accounts provide instances of Muslim communities present in the Melayu Kingdom for the same time period while others record the presence of Muslim Chinese traders from provinces such as Fujian.
How did Islam spread across North Africa? Select all that apply. [4], With the conquest of Anatolia by the Seljuk Turks, missionaries would find easier passage to the lands then formerly belonging to the Byzantine Empire. The late Marshall Hodgson, in his famous book, the Venture of Islam, says: There was no attempt at converting the peoples of the imperial territories, who practically all adhered to some form of confessional religion alreadyIn the chiefly non-Arab agricultural lands, the object was not conversion but ruleThe superiority of Islam as religion, and therefore in providing for social order, would justify Muslim rule: would justify the simple, fair-dealing Muslims in replacing the privileged and oppressive representatives of the older, corrupted allegiances2, Ira M. Lapidus, writes the following in earlier quoted book A History of Islamic Societies: The second principlewas that the conquered populations should be as little disturbed as possible. Following the conquest of North Africa by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century CE, Islam spread throughout West Africa via merchants, traders, scholars, and missionaries, that is largely through peaceful means whereby African rulers either tolerated the religion or converted to it themselves. The famous medieval epic poem 'Cantar de Mio Cid' narrates the life and deeds of this hero during the Reconquista. With the decline of the Mughals and a vast majority of the Muslim lands coming under the rule of the European colonial powers, Islamic missionary activity faced a new challenge, vis-a-vis Christian missionaries that arrived along with the colonial rulers. His successors would rule the most powerful of Sultanates in the Swahili coast, during the peak of its expansion the Kilwa Sultanate stretched from Inhambane in the south to Malindi in the north. According to Ibn Batuta, the Khaljis encouraged conversion to Islam by making it a custom to have the convert presented to the Sultan who would place a robe on the convert and award him with bracelets of gold. In the 1330s, the Mongol ruler of the Chagatai Khanate (in Central Asia) converted to Islam, causing the eastern part of his realm (called Moghulistan) to rebel. Christians in Jerusalem who sided with the Byzantines were put to death for high treason by the ruling Shii Muslims. In the ninth century, Palestine was conquered by the Fatimid Caliphate, whose capital was Cairo. Books on Islam, Muslims, Prophet Muhammad(s), Ahlul Bayt. The faith of Islam spread very swiftly after the death of the Prophet Mohammad in 632 A.D., largely due to three factors. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. While Muslim Spain was fragmenting, the Christian kingdoms grew larger and stronger, and the balance of power shifted against the 'Taifa' kingdoms. Ultimately, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, an ethnic Arab,[25] agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Umar in person. The last eleven years, the Prophet lived in Medina. Often such names were adapted to suit African languages, for example, Muhammad became Mamadu and Ali was Africanized to Aliyu. No previous conqueror had tried to assimilate the Berbers, but the Arabs quickly converted them and enlisted their aid in further conquests. Select all that apply. At this time, only Bali retained a Hindu majority and the Lesser Sunda Islands remained largely animist but would adopt Islam and Christianity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Sustainable Seafood: Can Your Dining Choices Help Protect the Ocean? The Abbasids replaced the expanding empire and "tribal politics" of "the tight-knit Arabian elite[16] with cosmopolitan culture and disciplines of Islamic science,[16] philosophy, theology, law and mysticism became more widespread, and the gradual conversions of the empire's populations occurred. With the Ottoman Caliphate in a seemingly constant military conflict with Western Europe at their mutual borders, missionary activity in Western Europe was virtually non-existent until the dramatic changing of the European political map in the 20th century. Many subsequent rulers followed suit, most famously Mansa Musa I (r. 1312-1337 CE) who visited Cairo and Mecca and brought back to Mali Muslim scholars, architects, and books. Arab Muslim forces conquered vast territories and built . Ghana's capital at Koumbi Saleh was, significantly, divided into two distinct towns from the mid-11th century CE. The reasons that by the end of the 10th century, a large part of the population had converted to Islam are diverse. The expansion of Islam continued in the wake of Turkic conquests of Asia Minor, the Balkans, and the Indian subcontinent. Without their help, for example, Andalusia could never have been incorporated into the Islamic state. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. In the earlier stages of the Ottoman Empire, a Turkic form of Shamanism was still widely practiced in Anatolia, which soon started to give in to the mysticism offered by Sufism. There can be no force in accepting Islam; Islam wants sincere believers, not hypocrites. The first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. Rulers were not always so keen to adopt Islam, King Sunni Ali of the Songhai Empire (r. 1464-1492 CE), for example, was vehemently anti-Muslim, but King Mohammad I (r. 1494-1528 CE) did convert, and he imposed Islamic law on his people and appointed qadis (Islamic magistrates or judges) as heads of justice at Timbuktu, Djenne, and other towns. Meccans came to extract revenge for the defeat in Badr. From there, the religion spread eastwards to the Mali Empire (1240-1645 CE) and the Songhai Empire (c. 1460 - c. 1591 CE). Ira Lapidus points towards "interwoven terms of political and economic benefits and of a sophisticated culture and religion" as appealing to the masses. [71] However, during the next three centuries these Buddhist, Shamanistic and Christian Turkic and Mongol nomads of the Kazakh Steppe and Xinjiang would also convert at the hands of competing Sufi orders from both east and west of the Pamirs. Islam spread throughout Arabia and entered the Horn of Africa during the early period as Muslim refugees fled the persecution. According to Chinese Muslims' traditional legendary accounts, Islam was first introduced to China in 616-18 AD by Sahaba (companions) of Prophet Muhammad: Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas, Sayid, Wahab ibn Abu Kabcha and another Sahaba. When Islam jumped from the Middle East to Indonesia, it diffused through relocation. By the 10th century, the Kilwa Sultanate was founded by Ali ibn al-Hassan Shirazi (was one of seven sons of a ruler of Shiraz, Persia, his mother an Abyssinian slave girl. It was persecution that forced him to migrate from Mecca to Medina. In Vietnam, the Cham people proselytized due to contact with traders and missionaries from Kelantan. The first complete translation of the Qur'an into Persian occurred during the reign of Samanids in the 9th century. However, the Middle East oil crisis of 1973, the Iranian Revolution in 1979, followed by the beginning of the SovietAfghan War in 1980 dramatically raised the profile of Islam and Muslims in the North American media. [3] By AD 1330s three of the four major khanates of the Mongol Empire had become Muslim. However, the modern-day history of the Islamization of the region - or rather a conscious affiliation with Islam - dates to the reign of the ulus of the son of Genghis Khan, Jochi, who founded the Golden Horde,[68] which operated from the 1240s to 1502. Large numbers of local inhabitants converted to Islam as a result. In Bengal, Arab merchants helped found the Port of Chittagong. The number of Muslims in Africa grew from 34.5 million in 1900 to 315 million in 2000, going from roughly 20% to 40% of the total population of Africa. That was contrast to the regions in which the boundaries of the Muslim world contracted, such as the Emirate of Sicily (Italy) and Al Andalus (Spain and Portugal), where Muslim populations were expelled or forced to Christianize in short order. Arab traders used to visit the Malabar region, which was a link between them and the ports of South East Asia to trade even before Islam had been established in Arabia. [4], As of 2016, there were 1.7 billion Muslims,[5][6] with one out of four people in the world being Muslim,[7] making Islam the second-largest religion. During these hundreds of years and expansion of the . Muslim Arab expansion in the first centuries after Prophet Muhammad's death soon established dynasties in North Africa, West Africa, to the Middle East, and south to Somalia by the Companions of the Prophet, most notably the Rashidun Caliphate and military advents of Khalid Bin Walid, Amr ibn al-As and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas. In 969, the Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonous correspondence with the Byzantines. The conventional historical view is that the conquest of North Africa by the Islamic Umayyad Caliphate between CE647709 effectively ended Catholicism in Africa for several centuries. The result, he points out, can be seen in the diversity of Muslim societies today, with varying manifestations and practices of Islam. In addition, the religion arrived in East . Ali Dawah, British missionary of Kurdish descent. Let us first look at the issue of conversion by force from the Qur'anic perspective. For example, in the 9th century, the Ismailis sent missionaries across Asia in all directions under various guises, often as traders . In praising the Africans' zealousness to Islam, the fourteenth-century explorer Ibn Battuta stated that mosques were so crowded on Fridays, that unless one went very early, it was impossible to find a place to sit.[1]. 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